목차 일부
CONTENTS
List of Figures = ⅸ
List of Tables = xi
1. Introduction = 1
1.1. Preamble = 1
1.2. The Family - Tree Model = 3
1.3. The Linguistic Item and the Linguistic Pool = 5
1.4. Levels ...
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목차 전체
CONTENTS
List of Figures = ⅸ
List of Tables = xi
1. Introduction = 1
1.1. Preamble = 1
1.2. The Family - Tree Model = 3
1.3. The Linguistic Item and the Linguistic Pool = 5
1.4. Levels of Diversity in the Linguistic Pool = 10
1.5. Justification, Disguised as Apology = 11
1.6. The Need for an Interdisciplinary Approach = 12
2. Language Evolution : Basic Mechanisms = 15
2.1. Introduction = 15
2.2. The Neutral Model = 16
2.3. Problems with the Neutral Model = 18
2.4. Additional Amplifiers = 29
2.5. Summary and Conclusions = 35
3. Language Evolution : Computer Simulations = 37
3.1. Introduction = 37
3.2. The Use of Computer Simulations = 37
3.3. Methods = 39
3.4. Basic Results = 43
3.5. More Realistic Social Structures = 46
3.6. Social Selection = 48
3.7. Functional Selection = 51
3.8. Discrete Traits = 53
3.9. Discussion = 54
3.10 Adaptive Significance of Social Selection = 56
4. Language Diversity : Patterns in Space = 60
4.1. Introduction = 60
4.2. Quantifying Language Diversity = 63
4.3. Vectors of Language Spread = 66
4.4. Case Studies = 70
4.5. Ecological Risk as a Universal Constraint = 79
4.6. Testing the Theory : Methods = 82
4.7. Testing the Theory : Results = 84
4.8. Hunter-Gatherers = 92
4.9. Conclusions = 94
5. Language Diversity : Changes in Time = 97
5.1. Introduction = 97
5.2. The Palaeolithic Equilibrium = 100
5.3. The Neolithic Punctuation = 103
5.4. The Neolithic Aftershock = 105
5.5. The Industrial Punctuation = 108
5.6. Prospect = 112
6. Phylogenetic Diversity = 115
6.1. Introduction = 115
6.2. Lineages and Stocks = 115
6.3. The Distribution of Stocks = 116
6.4. Stocks and Time : Nichols''s Model = 120
6.5. Stocks and Time : An Alternative Model = 121
6.6. Validating the Model = 126
6.7. Conclusions = 129
7. Structural Diversity = 130
7.1. Introduction = 130
7.2. Causes of Structural Diversity = 131
7.3. Geographical Distribution of Structural Diversity = 135
7.4. Case Study : Phonological Inventory and the Lexicon = 141
7.5. Conclusions = 147
Epilogue = 149
Appendix. Global Language Diversity Data = 152
References = 155
Index = 167
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